In the thirteenth century, written records of the arms borne by knights first begin to appear, and the three manuscripts described in this volume cover perhaps one-tenth of those who might have been qualified to bear arms. It is a large enough proportion to give a good picture of English heraldry of the period. The shields in Matthew Paris's manuscripts reflect heraldry as seen through the eyes of one of the greatest artists of the period, and have the added interest of annotations in Latin; the other two manuscripts are the earliest actual collections of English arms. They reveal an already quite elaborate system of heraldry, which has progressed from the simple shields of the twelfth century to heraldic devices which define the bearer's genealogical status, as in the markings used for cadets or younger sons. A whole vocabulary has grown up to describe the coats of arms, and this can be compared to Matthew Paris's Latin. Shields are occasionally 'canting', a punning visual reference to the owner's name.